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Our Field Ecology Center published more than 180 methodical materials for nature studies. Some of them are in English:
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Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia

Rivers, Lakes, Inland Seas, and Wetlands

<<< Rivers, Lakes, Inland Seas, and Wetlands (Introduction and Index) | Physical Geography Index | Elements of Water Balance >>>

Hydrological Measurements

Hydrological measurements, such as water levels during floods and freshets, have been recorded in Russia and other countries of Northern Eurasia for centuries, measurements being taken irregularly at water mills and in monasteries set on rivers and lakes (Sokolov, 1981). The first regular hydrological observations in Russia were organized under the order of Peter the Great in the early 18th century on the Neva river at the Petropavlovsk fortress in St. Petersburg. Soon, runoff was measured with some regularity on a number of large rivers including the Volga. Regular observations began in the 19th century and since then the hydrometric network was constantly improving until 1990. In 1960, the national stream-gauging network consisted of 5866 sites (Sokolov, 1964). Hydrological statistics, used in many publications including atlases (e.g., Voskresensky, 1962; Protasyev, 1967; Lvovich, 1969, 1974) and employed in this chapter, have been derived from this network. In addition, there were over 2800 sites which belonged to various organizations. The density of the national network is on average one site per 3820 km2 (for comparison, in the United States there is one site per 1972 km2, in Canada 8871, in France 548, in India 9735, and in China 3104 km2). The spatial distribution of the sites is uneven and in the European territory the network is much denser (one site per 1580 km2) than in the Asiatic part (one site per 7000 km2). Although after 1990 the monitoring program was reduced it still remains substantial.

<<< Rivers, Lakes, Inland Seas, and Wetlands (Introduction and Index) | Physical Geography Index | Elements of Water Balance >>>

 

 

 


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